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In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is mostly as a result of lack of oxygen in Nb2O5, employed like a raw product Preliminary melt (Czochralski process) [186]. Appropriately, based upon its generation engineering, niobium pentoxide can undertake an array of compositions Nb2O5−x. Therefore